Reading Notes: Road to Success

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Book title: Road to success: A guide for doctoral students and junior faculty members in the behavioral and social sciences

Author: Viswanath Venkatesh

Reading Notes

Introduction

作者以过来人的身份,对 behavioral and social science 领域下的博士新生,给出未来的发展规划建议,包括博士期间不同阶段的安排、如何从新手入门并做好学术研究、博士毕业之后的安排等。其中不乏很有启发意义的建议,我打算将它们记录在这份读书笔记中。


Section 2: Managing the PhD program

作者建议博士新生从这一章开始看,之后再按照顺序阅读。

本章主要介绍了博士生前期和后期阶段常常面临的问题,作者给出自己的理解和建议,帮助读者尽早做好准备。

博士前两年

时间规划

博士生刚开始很忙很忙,既有课程,又有繁重的助教任务,还要跟一跟科研,许多博士生有有趣的idea却没时间深入研究,更有很大一部分人承受不了而quit。

所以合理的时间规划很重要!作者的建议是做Todo list。虽然有的时候列出很多要做的事情却还是赶不上,但会感到 more in control。可以把list进一步分为每周、每天。

Planning document

这一部分我比较无感……大概就是列一个表格,把博士期间学了什么课、做了什么项目的研究填上去(莫名地像第二成绩单)。

Summer research

博士前两年要利用好暑假时间,因为这段时间没课活少,可以全心投入研究。

作者认为第一个暑假比第二个暑假重要的多。建议博士生在第一个暑假 collecting data,关注方法论,尝试用第一年学到的知识技能去实践(进而也能理解论文中收集数据是多么不易)。第一个暑假后,最理想的情况是有两个独立并行的项目:一个是自己的,另一个是与老师合作的。自己的可以尝试做一个 empirical study,与老师合作的可以仅作为 co-author 去投期刊,主要是为了掌握并使用 skills。(作者认为第一年掌握技能比关注某特定领域更为重要)

第二个暑假就尝试在广泛的 topic 中找到一个进行研究。美国是博二暑假博资考,所以这个暑假会有一些压力。

根据博资考时间不同的情况,我可以把作者建议的时间安排整体提前一年,即大四毕业的暑假进行作者提到的第一年暑假的工作。

Being well-rounded

即在博士前两年有充分的知识技能储备来完成学术研究。

每个人都有长处短处,要跳出舒适区,补全不擅长的能力。

  • Methods and statistics
    • The most structured skills that PhD students must learn.
    • 看起来简单,却很难在实际中应用。
  • Theory-building and writing
    • Theory-building几乎是最难的一块儿…
    • Four steps to follow to make theoretical contributions:
      • articulate the constructs of a theory
      • articulate the laws of interaction among the constructs of a theory
      • articulate the lawful state space of a theory
      • articulate the lawful event space of a theory
    • Writing 很重要也很难…

关注 learning goals 而不是完成多少门课或多少篇文章。

博士三四年

最大的区别就是,structured道路已尽,前方需要自己探索。

Third-year slump

要做好准备!博三之前有外界的push,之后就需要自己激励自己了。老师的帮助更少了,需要自己寻找topic,很可能会感到没有进展。

两种避免抑郁的方法:

  • Take a break
  • Impose structure

Dissertation

不同的博士生在 topic selection 花的时间会有很大不同。

Collecting more data than meets the dissertation requirements

因为是长久的研究,多收集数据就有可能对同一个context下进行多种、连续的研究,别到时候有好的idea却发现当初数据收集不足。

Learn to write

Dissertation as papers

博士毕业论文可以采用如下格式:introduction, paper 1, paper 2,…, conclusions。这样方便从中抽出paper直接投。

Chapter 10 & 11

作者请了两位学者写这两章。这里记录下我觉得比较重要、读博时要常常提醒自己的地方。

  • Keep a big book of ideas
  • Work with organizations. 合作很重要!
  • 广度与深度的权衡。
  • 博士的四种境界:
    • Stage of exploration
    • Stage of engagement
    • Stage of consolidation
    • Stage of entry
  • Networking. 与学院的老师们交流,向他们介绍自己,有机会时寻求帮助和合作。与同辈、师兄师姐交流,找到可以一起讨论、合作的。要有准备地 networking。

Section 1: Research

Chapter 2: Building and sustaining a research program

  • Scoped down.
  • Maintaining a solid pipeline is essential to building and sustaining a research program. Keep a steady stream of publications flowing.
  • 同时做2至3个 well-defined 项目即可,不宜太多。
  • Carefully articulate a few specific questions early in one’s research career and to pursue those questions.
    • trying answer the questions
    • investing time in reading and tracking the relevant literature in different fields that addresses those questions.
    • 可以稍微宽泛一些,有适应性,不太会过时的。这些问题也会随着时间而evolve。
  • 博士的dissertation好好做,从中抽出来发paper,不要半途而废,不然相当于放弃了多年在一个领域内的努力、所花的大量时间精力,放弃了一条 productive stream。
  • It will be nice to leverage your knowledge in a stream to a second stream in order to be more efficient.
    • 选topic和theory比较类似的
  • 看看新项目是否与自己的研究框架相符,再决定是否参加。
  • Research project vs Research study
    • project的范围更大,可以包含多个study。study更narrow
  • Data collection很重要,最好是一次收集够多篇paper的,but how do you know what data to collect?
    • delve into related concepts, competing theories, and higher- or lower-level concepts and constructs.
  • Populate your pipeline
    • 不要发完一篇paper后就断了,不知道该干啥了,此时应该要有一个已经做完数据分析的研究来继续写。a steady flowing stream
  • Plan, plan, plan!

Chapter 4: Writing a paper

Focuses on writing empirical articles for journals in the social and behavioural sciences.

期刊与期刊之间的要求不同,it is important to read the editorial statements of sitting editors and to look at recent published papers to understand the current idiosyncrasies of the journal.

  • Paper 被拒的原因
    • Lack of solid theoretical contribution. The topic is uninteresting, the model is inadequate, the empirical study is poor.

Five strategies:

1. Framing and telling an interesting story

  • 审稿人如果看了前几页觉得不喜欢,就会有挑错的心理;如果看了觉得喜欢这个idea,就更倾向于寻找改进paper的方法。

2. Fishing

  • Avoid data fishing.
    • Fishing: a dataset is analyzed in an exploratory fashion without a priori theoretical expectations of possible patterns or causal relationships.
  • 写文章的顺序并不是按照paper里的那种,而是 iteration of ideas, theory development and data/results. 不断涌现的有趣的结果能帮助你更好地 tell a good story.
    • There is a fine line between fising and iteration. 并不总是要先提出一个theory,有时候可以让 data speak.
  • Scientific integrity does not require you to lead your readers through all your wrongheaded hunches only to show they were wrongheaded.

3. Writing and thinking

  • 写作很重要很重要!

4. Outline of a paper

  • 用slides或传统的outline
  • 通过用不同形式的outline,尝试不同story line,pick the most compelling one
  • Outline example
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
      • Business problem and significance
      • Theoretical problem and significance
      • Objectives
      • Expected contributions
    • Literature review/Background
    • Theory/Hypothesis development
    • Method
    • Results
    • Discussion
      • Summary
      • Theoretical contributions
      • Theoretical implications
      • Limitations
      • Practical implications
    • Conclusions

5. Hat trick

  • Being able to switch between the “author hat” and the “reader hat”. A hard but vital skill.
    • stop writing for yourself and start writing for your readers
  • 让同事、同学、老师帮忙读。或者先放一两周,自己回过头来读。

Chapter 7: Building and managing collaborations

  • Five reasons to collaborate
    • creates efficiency gains
    • leverages complementarities
    • whole can be greater than the sum of the parts
    • creates an environment for lifelong learning
    • provides a support group
  • Five reasons NOT to collaborate
    • flying solo is important
    • coordination costs are high
    • leads to the blame game
    • ruins relationships
    • having to reconcile work styles
  • Five rules of collaboration
    • Ensure motivational alignment
    • Ensure rank alignment
    • Be mindful of your strengths and weaknesses
    • Always mis business and pleauser
    • Keep the number of collaborators manageable

书中其他部分暂时应该帮不到我,先告一段落吧。